化解大学生就业难题 制度鼓励创业是关键

  南方都市报
  农历新年的喜庆一过,即将毕业的大专院校学生就开始四处奔忙找工作。前天,广州市人事局和市发改委积极提供服务,组织了本地生源专场招聘会。同一天,广东省教育厅也主办了春季综合招聘会。主办者的服务意识和服务规模均可称道。不过,招聘会当天气温骤降,寒风冷雨下数万求职者撑起雨伞的海洋,不仅构成视觉冲击,而且使持续几年的大学生找工难再次成为沉甸甸的话题。
  按照约略估计,今年广州本地生源的应届毕业生将达到5万人,外地来的毕业生将超过40万人;而上述的本地生源招聘会提供的职位约8000个。虽然还会陆续有招聘会,但是供需缺口之大是明显的。亚洲开发银行首席经济学家伊弗扎尔·阿里曾撰文指出,亚洲国家在经济增长的同时伴随相当严重的就业不足。所以增加就业是亚洲的当务之急,但是光靠强劲的经济增长无法解决问题。证诸中国,情况似乎如此。我们看到各地的GDP增长率不是一般的高,但是却未能创造出足量与合适的就业机会。这种反差连普通人都明显感觉到了,因此也非常值得政府与社会各界高度关注。

  在整个就业问题中,大学生就业困难有其特殊性与尖锐性。一方面是大学扩招后的毕业生数量急速增长,硕士研究生改制两年后,也将使每年的研究生毕业人数翻番式增长。另一方面是大学毕业生的就业渠道越来越窄,越来越集中于大城市、政府机关与事业单位。不但千军万马报考公务员,而且同一个班,甚至同一寝室的人竞争同一职位的故事也屡见不鲜。就连海归也迅速贬值,回来只卖“白菜价”。一个真实的例子是,某大学招聘十数个行政岗位,待遇并不高,投简历应聘的本科生与研究生却超过1000人。经简历筛选后有数百人面试,考场上有主管领导,还有心理学专家,还架着摄像机,有些人被淘汰的理由是发型不好看。竞争之激烈与无奈,可见一斑。
  尽快缓解大学生就业困难,需要政府、大学、社会各界以及学生本身更多一些积极努力和创新眼光。广州市委市政府近期将出台一些具体的政府措施,鼓励高校毕业生面向基层就业。其他许多地方政府,也有大致相同的政策与鼓励措施。应当肯定,在目前的条件下,这是值得认真鼓励的方向。应当鼓励毕业生以事业为重,眼光更开阔一些。但是,要扭转许多人心中得失计算的砝码,还是需要政府通过有效的政策措施,改变基层难出头的状况。因此要有更加不拘一格公平竞争的人才选拔机制作为基础工程。
  鼓励更多的大专院校毕业生自主创业和灵活就业,也是一个非常重要的方向,但在我们的体制下,也是多年来的最大难点之一。大量的人才过于集中于政府部门,并不是一个好现象。改变这种状况,首先需要有金融体制的改革。目前在中国与印度两国竞争力的比较研究中,一个公认的观点是,印度的金融体系更健全,更能够灵活地给予小创业者以贷款支持。而这个方面是中国的明显弱点。因此,为创业者提供金融支持,应是解决就业问题上一个非常重要的政策方向。毫无疑问,政府在这个问题要下更多的工夫。
  与此相关,怎样为创业者提供产权保护,提供社会福利与保障,也是我们制度上的薄弱环节。不解决这些问题,光靠空洞的口号,很难激励一代人愿意以更加灵活、更加自主、更加流动、更加冒险的方式去创业闯天下。大量的人群往“安逸”的地方和部门里挤,不但就业矛盾尖锐,于国家和个人,最终都不利。从广州市的有关政策中看到,准备对高校毕业生从事个体经营者,除国家限制行业之外,还有若干方面的收费免除。而我们相信,从国家到地方各个层面上,积极推动有利于创业的各项政策创新和制度改革,是解决大学生就业困难问题的最关键的一环。

发布者:新新快报

颂美善 褒正气 贬丑恶 针时弊

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  1. 广州日报评论:“天之骄子”身价贬值不是好现象
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      “天之骄子”身价贬值不是什么新闻了。在求职高峰季节,大学生们对薪酬的期望值,屡屡跌至千元以下,见诸媒体的报道就不少。如果把它与其他新闻联系起来,从比较中就会得出一个结论,这对社会来说,不是什么好现象。
      第一,大学毕业生薪酬与民工相当。有报道说,不久前,涉及25个省(区市)的5300多名外出务工人员接受了劳动和社会保障部的一项调查,结果显示,他们对今年外出务工的月工资平均预期达到1100多元。与此相呼应的是,众多的调查数据显示,应届大学毕业生对月薪的预期连年下跌,已降至1000元左右。根据此,有人说,现在大学生与民工身价相当。
      第二,高校收费涨幅十倍于居民收入增长。这说明,现在大学生培养成本在提高。这里且不论高校收费是否合理,家长们是否能够承受。如果有相应的市场回报,相信家长们仍然能够接受高收费。但身价贬值的残酷事实,却给家长们和大学毕业生们浇了一头冷水。
      从常识来说,大学毕业生的高人力资本存量,得益于政府、社会、家庭、个人的长期人力投资。身价的贬值,其实质就是人力资本投资的损失。比贬值更严峻的是大学生就业难的问题。没有就业,其结果不仅是过去的人力投资没有产生任何效益,而且人力资本的自然损耗,也将降低未来的投资效益。
      从劳动力市场供给角度看,大学毕业生身价贬值,是因为当前供给量过多引发的。从总体上说,大学毕业生仍然是劳动力市场的优势群体。从长远上看,大学毕业生的薪酬上涨空间,一般来讲,也要比民工高。但是,无论如何,当大学生经过四年的专业训练,走进社会之时,比起他们四年前没有上大学,而是直接走入劳动力市场的同伴———他们中,除少数是因为家庭贫穷上不起学外,大部分应该比上大学的同学成绩要差———薪酬还要低,其导致的负面效应不能低估。特别是对于农村众多因孩子上大学而“返贫”的家庭来说,这种负面效应就有可能会直接降低家长对孩子教育的投资。是否会引发新一轮“知识无用论”呢?笔者不敢下断言,但这样的苗头,却在民间已经产生,对此社会不能不预防并寻求新的解决之道。

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