富士康员工“跳楼”事件追踪:主因是精神危机

20100514  [本报讯] 2010年5月14日22时50分左右,富士康集团接警方通知,有一富士康员工从富士康龙华园区福华宿舍7楼楼顶坠楼,送往龙华人民医院抢救后,于23时40分左右宣布抢救无效死亡。这是今年以来富士康科技集团第九名坠楼的员工,共造成7死2伤。
  富士康员工为什么接二连三地选择轻生?这些不幸者为什么多是“80后”“90后”的年轻人?带着这些疑问,新华社“新华视点”记者深入富士康公司,对普通员工、企业管理者、工会组织进行了追踪采访。

  精神危机是导致悲剧的主要原因

  富士康是一个庞大的代工企业,仅在深圳龙华、观澜两地就有40万员工。今年1月23日,年仅19岁、来自河南省鄢陵县的马向前,从富士康集团观澜二分厂内的一幢宿舍楼跳下,当场身亡。
  不到五个月的时间,富士康员工李某、田某等八位员工相继跳楼,除田某、饶某身受重伤之外,其余6名员工都是当场身亡,幸免于难的两名女工至今依然在医院接受治疗。
  记者在富士康调查发现,这些当事人很年轻,年龄在17岁至22岁之间,只有1名是27岁。他们均来自农村家庭,入职时间比较短。富士康科技集团新闻发言人刘坤说,其中时间最长的只有1年半,最短的20多天。
  企业提供了自杀员工的记录,他们没有很多加班记录,符合电子行业行为准则有关规定。企业表示,自杀行为与工作压力可能并无直接联系。
  这些员工选择轻生,有的是婚恋和情感上遇到挫折导致,也有的是家庭出现变故造成情绪低落,更有一些人可能是由于精神异常而造成悲剧。其中饶某因感情纠纷与男友吵架而负气跳楼;李某因患有特殊疾病,年龄较大没找到女友,精神压力很大;而祝某则因情感纠葛、打胎而轻生……
  “除了发生的悲剧,最近富士康园区内已被发现制止的这一类事情还有二三十起。”富士康新闻发言人刘坤说。

  人文关怀对于生命同样重要

  记者调查发现,富士康员工在物质待遇方面是比较好的,但员工之间的人际关系却比较淡漠。目前企业85%以上是“80后”“90后”新生代农民工,他们有着显著不同于父辈的精神诉求,特别是刚进城务工,由农村到城市会产生一个“心理隔断期”,容易出现情绪波动。
  23岁的贵州籍农民工蒙景迪,曾与跳楼身亡的马向前住同一个寝室。蒙景迪告诉记者,他们寝室住了10个人,因为来自10个不同部门,平时大家基本上没有交流,做什么事彼此不沟通,“住在一起就跟陌生人一样”。
  蒙景迪来寝室住了7个月,还不知道同寝室其他9个人的姓名,其中有5个人比他先来。现在彼此之间也很少说话,只是马向前出事以后,派出所来做调查笔录,把他们一起叫过去,大家的沟通才多一点。
  据马向前三姐马丽群介绍,马向前初到富士康公司,感觉不适应,多次想辞工,具体原因不详。蒙景迪说,马向前出事前,曾在宿舍床上躺了三天,没有人过问。有舍友看见他大把吃药,但也没有问过为何吃药。司法鉴定结果,马向前尸体内检验出精神类药物残留物。
  企业一心追逐利润,年轻员工容易陷入一种“人际荒漠”。尽管富士康称自己企业的理念是“视员工为第一宝贵财富”,但员工的上下级关系和同事关系还是显得紧张、冷漠。
  富士康员工马某告诉记者:“每天十来个小时的工作很单调,而且工作纪律很严格,随便与同事说话就会被上司批评,严重的可能还会记过,我们心里有事情一般也不会去找上级主管谈,与工友也没时间交流。”
  平时处于紧张劳作的年轻员工,在“八小时之外”并不容易找到放松和娱乐的场所。记者在富士康的龙华厂区内看到,银行、网吧、游泳池、书店、咖啡厅等日常生活设施不少,游泳池有5个,可是对42万名员工的需求来说,这显然是不能满足的。同时,厂区外公共娱乐和文化设施匮乏,大部分的员工能消费得起的地方,除了一两个溜冰场,便是大大小小的网吧和小吃摊。
  中国人民大学政治学系教授张鸣说,工人不是机器、零件,他们住在那里,没有文化娱乐,没有朋友交往,这对很多“80后”“90后”农民工来说是无法忍受的。他们当中很多人是独生子女,心理比较脆弱,虽然生活在城市,却无法融入城市,富士康“跳楼”事件就是他们发出的生命的呼唤。

  如何回应年轻生命的呼唤

  “80后”“90后”的年轻员工,正在成为我国工人队伍的主流。在这样一个背景下,富士康员工“跳楼”事件应该引起整个社会的警觉,对年轻生命的精神危机,企业、政府和社会要给予更多的关注。
  对企业而言,如何对员工进行人性化的管理,创造健康的工作环境和生活环境,满足员工的社会生活需求,兑现企业的社会责任。
  富士康新闻发言人刘坤称,富士康正在加强对生产线基层管理人员的培训和教育,并设立“总经理开放日”,让高层管理人员抽出时间和底层员工见面聊天,改善企业员工和上下级之间的人际关系。
  富士康工会副主席陈宏方告诉记者,富士康正在根据“80后”和“90后”员工的喜好和需求,增加网吧和健身房等设施,举办更加丰富的文体活动,如网络游戏大赛、街舞大赛、主持人挑战大赛等,“年轻员工可以像超女一样去参加选秀和表演。”
  对政府而言,如何将更多的公共服务项目延伸到工人社区,延伸到外来员工的教育和培训工作当中,改善年轻员工的心理承受力和精神状况。
  深圳当代社会观察研究所所长刘开明说,教育、医疗、图书馆和文化娱乐等公共服务应当尽快延伸到企业厂区内和周边地区,这是政府不可推卸的责任。比如在厂区周围建立符合年轻员工年龄段和薪资结构的电影院、KTV、商贸购物场所,以及动员更多的心理卫生专家到厂区内为企业工人提供咨询和医疗服务。
  深圳市社科院院长乐正对记者说,政府方面应当未雨绸缪,从初中到大学,都要加强对学生的心理辅导,设立相应的辅导课程,“年轻人从传统的教科书中是很难学到如何应对心理问题,主要是知识教育,而情商教育比较匮乏,这一点必须尽快改善。”
  对社会而言,民间和社团组织的心理服务如何参与到工人社区中去,让工人在下班后能够体验到人性的温暖。
  刘开明表示,整个社会都要关心工人群众的身心健康,工青妇组织应该到工人中间发挥影响力,帮助年轻员工克服精神危机,丰富和活跃他们的业余生活。
  “不妨请政府职能部门、社会组织和企业组成一个调研组到富士康来进行一个课题调研,深入研究员工‘跳楼’事件背后的经济和社会原因”,乐正说,这不仅有助于解决富士康面临的问题,也可以帮助同类企业员工处理危机问题,帮助他们融入这个社会。

发布者:新新快报

颂美善 褒正气 贬丑恶 针时弊

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