
上海一人大代表提议保卫上海话引来多方关注
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一向给外界以优越感甚强印象的上海人,最近对自己的文化之根———上海话产生了焦虑。
有报纸说,现在上海的年轻人不会说沪语俚语,急得人大代表奋起呼吁要保卫上海话。与此相对应的是,最近有深圳市政协委员提出在学校里进行粤语教育,以更好地和咫尺之遥的香港沟通。两地社会贤达的两份相关提案,触及到了同一个话题:方言需要我们怎么样的关注?不同的是,两份提案反映出两地方言的不同现状:上海话在收缩,粤语则欲扩张。
一样土开出两种花
当年,全国人民都以能够随口吐出一两句上海话而骄傲。广东崛起后,讲广东话又风靡一时。当年为了尽快掌握最简单的粤语单词,外地人通过“谐音”速记,如“洒洒水”表示“湿湿碎”(粤语:轻而易举)等。但到了最后,还是很多人分不清粤语“一”和“二”的发音。
同为中国经济发达地区之一,广东和上海都聚集了大量外来人口,各地不同的方言无法沟通,大家必然要选择大家都明白的普通话作为沟通的媒介。同时,两地也身处同样的国家强力推普的政策环境。外来方言加上普通话的大量使用自然会对固有的地方语言表达和文化形态造成干扰。但相同的外部条件,两地为何在对各自方言未来命运的判断上,得出迥异结论?
沪语收缩粤语长红
上海方言会不会消亡?专家们已经在探讨这样的命题。上海的专家说,作为地方方言,上海话没有得到有力的保护。造成这一现状的原因有两个:首先是内部原因,越来越多的年轻人在思想、观念上排斥上海话;其次是外部原因,作为一个海纳百川的城市,普通话理所当然成为人们的通用语言,上海话使用场合越来越小,语言环境极度收缩。
同为区域经济中心、交通枢纽的广州却没有这样的窘迫。有人说,广东人都是很讲实际的,只要有助于他“揾食”,别说是普通话,就是非洲土著话他也肯学!
这话说对了一半,其实广东人一直在学,学英语,学日语,当然也学普通话,但广东人从来不把自己的东西丢掉,相反,把外来的东西化为己有,外为粤用,又用得不留痕迹。而上海话似乎难以做得到这一点。“炒更”、“揾食”、“搞掂”、“无厘头”、“士多”、“T恤”、“的士”、“擦鞋”、“人气”、“案底”、“做秀”、“草根阶层”、“夹心阶层”、“人间蒸发”等等新词,有的是从外来语言中直接音译过来的,但却带有浓郁粤味,迅速走红全国。
超稳定超范围流行
有趣的是,专家们还发现:粤语是超稳定的语言形态。据说粤语形成于晋代,所谓“北人避胡多在南,南人至今能晋语”。大量原汁原味的古汉语词汇和用法,像“企”(站)、“食”(吃)、“行”(走)、“颈”(脖子)、“渠”(他、她)、“晏”(晚)、“悭”(节省)、“无”(没有)、“银子”(钱币)、“卒之”(最后)、“姑勿论”(且不说)、“于是乎”(于是)等等,一直沿用至今。
此外,粤人对粤语充满自豪感和归属感还有以下原因:粤人分布在全世界的每一个角落里,有些国家的唐人街,粤语甚至成了通用语言。同时,广东背靠香港,香港发达的粤语文化也成为广东粤语的有力后盾。
粤语生猛粤剧告急
粤语的生命力要比上海话强,那是因为她的根深叶茂。但是,并不是说根深叶茂就可以此生永存。暨南大学党委书记、副校长蒋述卓教授说,粤语未至于要到挽救的地步,但作为岭南文化的粤剧倒是要挽救。
方言的消亡,究竟会带来什么后果?美国一位语言学家的比喻很恰当:“一种语言从地球上消失,就等于失去一座卢浮宫。”地方文化以方言为基础,它们的消亡就是方言的衰落。当年张国荣(专题,图库)一曲《沉默是金》令粤语传唱大江南北,深入人心;今天《手机》里张国立不动声色地缓缓道出“做人要厚道”时,全中国都知道了这句道地四川话。
I love Cantonese!
推普和维护方言文化并不存在矛盾!
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