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优秀运动员在报考大学时得到一定照顾,比普通考生低一些分数录取,这是正常和可以理解的。但是,这种照顾应该有一个合理的尺度,不然的话,既违反公正原则,也会对年轻人的价值取向和奋斗方向造成误导。比方说,最近雅典奥运会110米栏冠军刘翔被华东师范大学授予硕、博连读资格,就在全国引起广泛争议。
我国近年来实行的对优秀运动员照顾和倾斜政策显然是过头了,从教育部刚公布的《关于做好2005年普通高等学校招收高水平运动员工作的通知》来看,这种过分照顾的趋势愈演愈烈,现在已到了认真思考和讨论这件事的时候了。
对大学投考者当中某个特定人群应不应该照顾,照顾的幅度多大,这不是凭印象和感情来决定的事情,必须讲得出充分的道理,经得起严格的质询。美国关于大学实行优待措施的争论,对我们有一定的参考价值。
近几十年来,美国一些名牌大学一直对黑人等少数民族学生在入学成绩上实行一定优待,但争论始终不断。人们问:对少数民族学生的优待,是否违反了宪法关于人人享有平等受教育权利的原则;是否侵犯了其他考生的权利,因此对他们不公平;对被优待者的心理有什么影响,对他们以后的成长是否有利;如果把同样措施推广到其他情况,是否会造成某些社会问题?
支持优待政策的理由大致有这些:一、这是对黑人等少数民族在历史上受到的不公正待遇的一种补偿;二、适当增加大学校园少数民族学生的数量有利于学生增加对民族、宗教、文化多元性的关注;三、黑人等少数民族学生从名牌大学毕业的人数越多,意味着他们成为社会精英的机会越多,这有利于从整体上提高弱势民族的自信心和地位。
美国著名法哲学家德沃金替优待措施辩护时说的话十分精彩,对我们有启发意义。他说,大学的招生官员不应该把入学名额作为对某些申请者过去的成就或努力,以及他们内在技能、优点的奖励,他们的责任是选出这样的学生,他们作为整体能为学校应有的目标做出最大贡献;高等教育是稀缺资源,其财政来源是整个社会,大学因此承担着公共责任,其目标必须有利于社会,而不是自己。
我现在要问,大大降低分数,甚至免试让体育尖子入学的大学,是为了社会的利益,还是只想着本校的利益,比如提高本校的知名度,使本校在体育比赛中拿到好名次,等等。
有些极其优秀的运动员为国家赢得极大荣誉,比如拿到了世界冠军或奥运会冠军,除了很高的名声外,他们还得到其他奖励,比如金钱,这是合理的。事实上,除了政府给予金钱、住房等等的奖励外,他们还会从广告等方面得到常人无法企望的利益。认真说来,大学入学机会不应该是对运动员贡献的奖赏,两者之间实在没有什么关系,除非我们奉行“赢者通吃”的原则,把一切好处都送给一个方面的强者。当然,体育院校,或者运动管理专业等是另外一回事,这方面的学习和运动员的身份、业绩可能有关。
谢军多次获得国际象棋世界冠军,为我国赢得极大的荣誉,为运动事业做出极大的贡献,但她最近参加北京市公开选拔副局级领导干部的考试时却没有得到任何照顾,因为笔试成绩没有进入前5名而落选。这是正常的,虽然可以肯定,谢军如果当体育局副局长,一定能发挥别人没有的优势,对工作有极大的帮助。
照现在的规定,连一级运动员都可以免试进入大学,这就连贡献都谈不上了。把照顾面扩大到这么宽,有什么道理呢?至于说“招生学校对其进行文化考核后认为能够完成专业培养教学任务的考生,明年可免于参加高考”,任何有起码经验的人都知道这完全是形同虚设。没有明确的、硬性的标准,各校自己搞的什么“文化考试”,极有可能是自欺欺人的形式。
如果我们的政策是对强者照顾再照顾,倾斜再倾斜,以致无边无际,而很少想到一般人,尤其是弱者——比如残疾人的处境和需要,比如刚发生的残疾女大学生朱慧锦被北京中医药大学取消入学资格事件,那么我们这个社会就更加堪虑了。为政者应当知道,公平比为强者锦上添花重要。
想起欧阳的话,雪中送炭比锦上添花更重要。
看到奥运冠军们在各大广告上粉墨登场时,真觉得别扭。
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